Feline Diabetes in Cats: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention

Feline diabetes is a serious but manageable condition that affects a cat’s ability to regulate blood sugar levels. If left untreated, it can lead to severe complications and life-threatening health issues. However, with early diagnosis and proper management, many diabetic cats can live happy and fulfilling lives.

This guide will cover everything cat owners need to know about feline diabetes, including causes, symptoms, treatment options, and preventive measures.

What is feline diabetes?

Feline diabetes, also known as diabetes mellitus, is a metabolic disorder that occurs when a cat’s body cannot properly regulate blood glucose (sugar) levels. This happens due to a lack of insulin production or the body's inability to respond effectively to insulin.

Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that allows glucose to enter cells, where it is used for energy. Without enough insulin, glucose builds up in the bloodstream, leading to high blood sugar (hyperglycaemia) and a range of health problems.

Types of diabetes in cats

Cats primarily develop type 2 diabetes, which is caused by insulin resistance and a decrease in insulin production. This is similar to type 2 diabetes in humans and is often linked to obesity, diet, and a sedentary lifestyle.

Type 1 diabetes, in which the pancreas fails to produce insulin altogether, is extremely rare in cats.

Causes of feline diabetes

Several factors can contribute to the development of diabetes in cats, including:

Obesity

Excess body fat reduces the body's ability to use insulin properly, increasing the risk of diabetes. Overweight and obese cats are significantly more likely to develop the disease.

Poor diet

A diet high in carbohydrates can lead to insulin resistance. Cats are obligate carnivores, meaning they are biologically designed to eat a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet.

Lack of exercise

Sedentary cats are at higher risk of diabetes because physical activity helps regulate blood sugar levels and maintain a healthy weight.

Age

Middle-aged and senior cats are more prone to developing diabetes, usually around the age of seven or older.

Genetics

Certain breeds, such as Burmese cats, may have a higher genetic predisposition to diabetes.

Chronic pancreatitis

Inflammation of the pancreas can impair insulin production, increasing the risk of diabetes.

Medications

Long-term use of corticosteroids, such as prednisolone, can contribute to diabetes by increasing blood sugar levels and insulin resistance.

Symptoms of feline diabetes

The symptoms of diabetes can be subtle at first but gradually worsen if left untreated. Common signs to watch for include:

Early symptoms

• Increased thirst (polydipsia)
• Frequent urination (polyuria)
• Increased appetite (polyphagia)
• Unexplained weight loss despite a good appetite

Advanced symptoms

• Lethargy and weakness
• Poor coat condition
• Vomiting
• Dehydration
• Walking abnormally on the hind legs (diabetic neuropathy)

If diabetes is not diagnosed and treated, it can lead to diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), a life-threatening condition that requires immediate veterinary intervention. Signs of DKA include vomiting, severe lethargy, rapid breathing, and collapse.

Diagnosing feline diabetes

A vet will diagnose diabetes based on clinical symptoms and diagnostic tests, which may include:

• Blood glucose test – Measures the cat’s blood sugar levels. Persistent hyperglycaemia indicates diabetes.
• Urinalysis – Detects glucose in the urine, which is a common sign of diabetes.
• Fructosamine test – Provides an average blood sugar level over the past few weeks, helping to confirm diabetes and rule out temporary spikes caused by stress.
• Ketone test – Checks for ketones in the blood or urine, which can indicate diabetic ketoacidosis.

Treatment for feline diabetes

Diabetes in cats requires lifelong management, but many cats respond well to treatment and can achieve remission with proper care.

Insulin therapy

Most diabetic cats require daily insulin injections to regulate their blood sugar levels. Insulin must be administered at the same time each day to maintain stability.

Common types of insulin used for cats include:

• Glargine (Lantus) – Long-acting and often effective in achieving remission.
• PZI (ProZinc) – Commonly prescribed for feline diabetes.
• Detemir (Levemir) – Long-acting insulin alternative.

Insulin dosages must be carefully adjusted under veterinary supervision. Owners should monitor their cat’s response and never change the dose without consulting a vet.

Dietary management

A proper diet plays a crucial role in managing diabetes. The ideal diabetic cat diet should be:

• High in protein
• Low in carbohydrates
• Rich in moisture (wet food preferred over dry food)

Prescription diabetic diets such as Hill’s m/d, Royal Canin Diabetic, or Purina DM are formulated to help regulate blood sugar. Some cats can achieve remission by switching to a low-carb, high-protein diet.

Regular blood glucose monitoring

Blood glucose levels must be monitored regularly to ensure the insulin dose is effective. This can be done in several ways:

• Home glucose testing using a glucometer
• Frequent vet check-ups and blood tests
• Continuous glucose monitoring systems (CGMs) in some cases

Monitoring helps prevent hypoglycaemia (low blood sugar), a dangerous condition that can occur if too much insulin is given.

Managing diabetic remission

Some cats enter diabetic remission, meaning they no longer need insulin injections. Remission is more likely in cats who are diagnosed early, switched to a proper diet, and given long-acting insulin. However, remission is not permanent, and diabetes can return, requiring continued monitoring.

Preventing feline diabetes

Although not all cases of diabetes can be prevented, the risk can be significantly reduced by following these guidelines:

Maintain a healthy weight

Obesity is the leading cause of feline diabetes. Feeding a controlled diet and providing regular exercise can help prevent excess weight gain.

Feed a species-appropriate diet

Cats thrive on a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet. Wet food is preferable to dry kibble, which often contains high levels of carbohydrates.

Encourage regular exercise

Interactive play and environmental enrichment help keep cats active and maintain a healthy metabolism.

Avoid unnecessary steroid use

Long-term use of corticosteroids should only be done under veterinary guidance, as they can increase the risk of diabetes.

Schedule regular vet check-ups

Routine veterinary visits help detect early signs of diabetes and other health problems before they become severe.

Can diabetic cats live a normal life?

Yes, with proper management, diabetic cats can live long and healthy lives. Many cats adjust well to insulin therapy and dietary changes. Some even achieve remission, meaning they no longer require insulin.

The key to managing feline diabetes is early diagnosis, consistent treatment, and regular monitoring. By keeping blood sugar levels stable and preventing complications, diabetic cats can maintain a good quality of life.

When to see a vet

Seek veterinary attention immediately if your cat shows symptoms of:

• Increased thirst and urination
• Weight loss despite a good appetite
• Lethargy or weakness
• Vomiting or dehydration
• Trouble walking on the hind legs

If your cat is already diagnosed with diabetes and shows signs of hypoglycaemia (low blood sugar), such as seizures, disorientation, or collapse, rub honey or glucose syrup on their gums and seek emergency vet care.

Conclusion

Feline diabetes is a serious but manageable condition. With proper insulin therapy, dietary management, and regular monitoring, diabetic cats can lead healthy and fulfilling lives.

Early detection is crucial for preventing complications, so if you notice any signs of diabetes in your cat, consult your vet as soon as possible. By maintaining a healthy weight, feeding a balanced diet, and ensuring regular vet check-ups, you can help reduce the risk of diabetes and support your cat’s long-term well-being.