African Helmeted Turtle: A Fascinating and Hardy Pet for Reptile Enthusiasts

The African helmeted turtle (Pelomedusa subrufa) is a unique and engaging freshwater turtle species native to sub-Saharan Africa and parts of the Middle East. Often referred to as the "side-necked turtle" due to its distinctive method of retracting its head sideways into its shell, the African helmeted turtle is a hardy, adaptable reptile that thrives in a range of aquatic environments.

Whether you're a beginner or an experienced reptile keeper, the African helmeted turtle can make a rewarding pet—provided you understand its specific care requirements. In this blog post, we’ll explore everything you need to know about this remarkable turtle, from housing and diet to behaviour and healthcare.

Origins and Natural Habitat

African helmeted turtles are found in a wide variety of habitats, including rivers, lakes, swamps, and even temporary rainwater pools. Their resilience is remarkable; they can survive periods of drought by burying themselves in mud and entering a state of dormancy known as aestivation.

This adaptability makes them popular in the pet trade, though their care still requires thoughtful setup and attention to detail.

Appearance and Behaviour

Physical Traits

• Size: Adults typically reach 15–20 cm (6–8 inches) in shell length
• Shell: Olive to brown carapace with a pale yellow plastron (bottom shell)
• Head: Large eyes and a broad head, with a hooked beak and a unique sideways-neck retraction

Behaviour

These turtles are inquisitive and often bold, quickly learning to recognise their keepers. They can be very active, especially during feeding time. African helmeted turtles are also known for their intelligence and problem-solving abilities. Some have even been observed working together in the wild to flip over stranded conspecifics.

However, they can be territorial, especially males, so careful planning is required if housing more than one.

Housing Requirements

Tank Setup

A proper aquatic setup is crucial for your turtle’s health.

• Tank size: A single adult needs at least a 75-litre tank (ideally 100 litres or more)
• Water depth: Deep enough for swimming—at least twice the turtle's length
• Filtration: Strong filtration is essential due to their messy eating habits. Canister filters are recommended
• Basking area: Provide a dry basking platform with a heat lamp (32–35°C) and UVB lighting
• Substrate: Bare-bottomed tanks are easiest to clean, but smooth gravel or river rocks can be used with caution

Heating and Lighting

• Water temperature: Maintain between 24–28°C using an aquarium heater
• UVB lighting: Crucial for shell and bone health. Use a 10.0 UVB bulb for 10–12 hours daily
• Basking light: Position above the dry area to encourage healthy basking behaviour

Diet and Feeding

African helmeted turtles are opportunistic omnivores, with a strong preference for animal protein.

Protein Sources

• Earthworms, crickets, locusts
• Freshwater fish (not goldfish), shrimp, snails
• Reptile pellets or turtle sticks

Plant Matter

Though they favour meat, supplement with leafy greens like:

• Dandelion leaves
• Romaine lettuce
• Aquatic plants (duckweed, water lettuce)

Feeding Tips

Feed young turtles daily; adults can be fed every 2–3 days. Remove uneaten food to keep the water clean. Calcium supplementation and cuttlebone can help maintain shell strength.

Social Dynamics and Tank Mates

Can They Be Housed Together?

Caution is advised when housing African helmeted turtles with others. They can be aggressive and may injure tank mates, including other turtles. If cohabiting:

• Ensure a large, well-structured environment
• Avoid mixing different species
• Monitor closely for signs of aggression

Common Health Issues

Shell Problems

Soft or deformed shells often indicate calcium deficiency or poor UVB exposure

Respiratory Infections

Signs include wheezing, lethargy, or floating awkwardly. Prompt vet care is essential

Skin and Shell Fungus

Often caused by poor water quality. Regular cleaning and strong filtration are key preventatives

Handling and Interaction

African helmeted turtles are best observed rather than handled frequently

• Avoid handling unless necessary (e.g., during tank cleaning)
• Always wash your hands thoroughly before and after contact
• They can bite if threatened, especially when picked up

Final Thoughts

The African helmeted turtle is a hardy, intelligent, and entertaining reptile. Though it requires a properly maintained aquatic habitat and a protein-rich diet, it rewards diligent keepers with years of fascination and enjoyment.

As with any exotic pet, do your research and be prepared for a long-term commitment. These turtles can live for 25 years or more with proper care.

By providing the right environment and nutrition, you can enjoy the companionship of one of the most resilient and intriguing freshwater turtles in the world.