Arthritis in Dogs: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Management

Arthritis is a common condition in dogs, particularly in older pets, affecting the joints and leading to pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility. While arthritis cannot be cured, early diagnosis and proper management can significantly improve a dog's quality of life.

This guide covers everything dog owners need to know about arthritis, including its causes, symptoms, treatment options, and preventative measures.

What is arthritis in dogs?

Arthritis, also known as osteoarthritis or degenerative joint disease, is a progressive condition that causes inflammation and deterioration of the joints. Over time, the protective cartilage within the joints wears down, leading to pain, swelling, and reduced mobility.

Arthritis can affect any joint but is most commonly seen in the hips, knees, elbows, and spine.

Causes of arthritis in dogs

Several factors contribute to the development of arthritis in dogs.

Common causes

• Age-related wear and tear on the joints
• Previous injuries such as fractures or ligament tears
• Developmental conditions such as hip or elbow dysplasia
• Excess weight putting extra strain on the joints
• Genetics, as certain breeds are predisposed to arthritis
• Repetitive stress from high-impact activities

Larger breeds such as Labrador Retrievers, German Shepherds, and Golden Retrievers are more prone to arthritis due to their size and joint structure.

Symptoms of arthritis in dogs

Arthritis symptoms develop gradually, so it is important for owners to recognise early signs.

Common signs of arthritis

• Stiffness, particularly after resting or sleeping
• Difficulty standing up, walking, or climbing stairs
• Limping or favouring one leg
• Decreased activity and reluctance to exercise
• Swollen or warm joints
• Pain when touched around the joints
• Licking or chewing at affected areas
• Changes in behaviour such as irritability or reduced interaction

Symptoms may worsen in cold or damp weather and progressively become more severe over time.

Diagnosing arthritis in dogs

A vet will diagnose arthritis based on clinical signs, physical examination, and diagnostic tests.

Common diagnostic methods

• Physical examination to check for joint stiffness, swelling, and pain
• X-rays to assess joint damage and detect bone changes
• Joint fluid analysis to rule out infections or immune-related joint diseases
• Blood tests to check for underlying health conditions

Early diagnosis allows for better management and slows disease progression.

Treatment for arthritis in dogs

While arthritis cannot be cured, treatment focuses on pain relief, reducing inflammation, and improving mobility.

Medications

• Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly prescribed to manage pain and inflammation
• Joint supplements such as glucosamine and chondroitin help support cartilage health
• Omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil have anti-inflammatory properties
• Pain relief medications may be prescribed for severe cases
• Cartilage-protecting injections such as polysulfated glycosaminoglycans can help slow joint degeneration

Medications should only be given under veterinary supervision, as some human painkillers are toxic to dogs.

Weight management

Maintaining a healthy weight reduces strain on the joints and helps slow arthritis progression.

• Feeding a balanced diet with controlled portions prevents excess weight gain
• Using weight management dog food if necessary
• Regular low-impact exercise such as walking or swimming helps maintain muscle strength

Even a small amount of weight loss can significantly reduce joint pain.

Exercise and physiotherapy

Exercise helps keep joints mobile and prevents muscle loss.

• Short, frequent walks rather than long strenuous activity
• Swimming as a low-impact exercise that reduces stress on joints
• Gentle stretching and physiotherapy to improve flexibility and movement
• Avoiding high-impact activities such as jumping or running on hard surfaces

Regular, controlled exercise prevents stiffness and supports joint health.

Alternative therapies

Several complementary treatments can support arthritis management.

• Hydrotherapy, where dogs swim in a controlled environment to strengthen muscles without joint strain
• Acupuncture, which may help reduce pain and improve mobility
• Laser therapy, which promotes healing and reduces inflammation
• Massage therapy to increase circulation and relieve muscle tension

These therapies should be performed by professionals experienced in treating dogs with arthritis.

Home modifications

Making small changes at home can improve comfort for arthritic dogs.

• Providing soft, supportive bedding to relieve pressure on joints
• Using ramps instead of stairs to help dogs access higher areas
• Placing non-slip mats on hard floors to prevent slipping
• Raising food and water bowls to reduce strain on the neck and joints

Simple modifications can greatly enhance mobility and reduce pain.

Preventing arthritis in dogs

While arthritis is not always preventable, certain measures can reduce the risk or delay its onset.

Joint care from an early age

• Feeding a high-quality diet that supports bone and joint health
• Providing joint supplements for at-risk breeds
• Avoiding excessive exercise in puppies to prevent joint damage

Maintaining a healthy weight

• Keeping dogs at an ideal weight to reduce joint stress
• Monitoring food intake and avoiding overfeeding

Regular low-impact exercise

• Encouraging controlled, moderate exercise to maintain muscle strength
• Avoiding activities that put excessive strain on developing joints

Early detection and intervention

• Regular vet check-ups help identify early signs of arthritis
• Addressing joint injuries promptly reduces long-term damage

Proactive joint care can help dogs maintain mobility for longer.

When to see a vet

A vet should be consulted if a dog shows any of the following signs

• Difficulty standing up or moving after rest
• Persistent limping or stiffness
• Reduced activity levels or reluctance to exercise
• Signs of pain when touched or handled
• Noticeable muscle loss in the legs
• Changes in behaviour such as irritability or withdrawal

Early intervention can slow disease progression and improve quality of life.

Conclusion

Arthritis is a common but manageable condition in dogs. While it cannot be cured, a combination of veterinary care, lifestyle adjustments, and supportive treatments can help dogs remain comfortable and active.

Regular vet visits, weight management, joint-friendly exercise, and home modifications all play a key role in improving an arthritic dog’s well-being. By recognising symptoms early and taking appropriate steps, owners can ensure their dogs enjoy a better quality of life for as long as possible.