Parasites in Dogs: Types, Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention

Parasites are a common health concern for dogs and can cause a range of issues, from mild irritation to severe illness. Some parasites are external and live on the skin or fur, while others are internal and affect the digestive system, blood, or organs. Left untreated, parasites can lead to discomfort, malnutrition, and even life-threatening conditions.

Understanding the types of parasites, their symptoms, and the best prevention strategies can help dog owners keep their pets healthy and protected.

Types of parasites in dogs

Parasites in dogs can be classified into two main categories: external parasites that live on the skin or coat, and internal parasites that infect the body.

External parasites

External parasites live on the dog's skin, fur, or ears and feed on blood or skin cells.

Fleas

• Small, fast-moving insects that jump between hosts
• Cause intense itching, redness, and hair loss
• Can transmit tapeworms and other diseases
• Most common in warm weather but can survive indoors year-round

Ticks

• Attach to a dog's skin and feed on blood
• Can transmit serious diseases such as Lyme disease and ehrlichiosis
• Often found in grassy or wooded areas
• Visible as small, round lumps attached to the skin

Mites

• Microscopic parasites that cause skin irritation and hair loss
• Different types include sarcoptic mites, which cause mange, and ear mites, which infest the ear canal
• Highly contagious among dogs and other animals

Lice

• Small parasites that cling to hair and feed on skin debris
• Less common than fleas but can cause itching and skin irritation
• Typically seen in neglected or immunocompromised dogs

Internal parasites

Internal parasites affect the organs, particularly the intestines, heart, and lungs.

Roundworms

• Common in puppies and passed through infected faeces or from mother to pup
• Live in the intestines and absorb nutrients, causing malnutrition
• Can cause a swollen belly, diarrhoea, and poor coat condition

Tapeworms

• Transmitted through fleas or by eating infected rodents
• Live in the intestines and grow in segments
• Visible as small, rice-like segments in the dog's faeces or around the anus

Hookworms

• Small, thin worms that attach to the intestinal wall and feed on blood
• Can cause anaemia, weight loss, and weakness
• More dangerous in puppies due to blood loss

Whipworms

• Live in the large intestine and cause chronic diarrhoea and weight loss
• Hard to detect as they do not always appear in faecal tests

Heartworms

• Spread by mosquito bites and live in the heart and lungs
• Cause coughing, difficulty breathing, and heart failure
• More common in warm climates but can be fatal if untreated

Lungworms

• Acquired by eating infected slugs, snails, or frogs
• Cause breathing difficulties, coughing, and bleeding disorders
• Increasingly common in certain parts of the UK

Symptoms of parasites in dogs

Parasite infestations can cause a range of symptoms depending on the type of parasite and the severity of the infection.

General symptoms

• Itching, scratching, or skin irritation
• Hair loss or bald patches
• Visible parasites in the fur, skin, or faeces
• Weight loss despite a normal appetite
• Diarrhoea or vomiting
• Lethargy or weakness
• Potbelly appearance in puppies
• Coughing or difficulty breathing

If a dog displays any of these symptoms, a vet should be consulted for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Diagnosing parasites in dogs

A vet will diagnose parasites based on clinical signs and laboratory tests.

Common diagnostic methods

• Skin scrapings or coat examinations to check for fleas, mites, and lice
• Blood tests to detect heartworm infections
• Faecal analysis to identify intestinal worms or their eggs
• Urinalysis to check for parasite-related kidney or bladder issues
• Imaging such as X-rays or ultrasound for lungworms and other internal parasites

Early detection helps ensure effective treatment and prevents complications.

Treatment for parasites in dogs

Treatment depends on the type of parasite and the severity of the infestation.

Flea and tick treatments

• Spot-on treatments applied to the back of the neck
• Oral medications that kill fleas and ticks within hours
• Flea shampoos and sprays for immediate relief
• Tick removal using a specialised tick remover

Mite and lice treatments

• Medicated shampoos or topical treatments
• Oral or injectable medication for severe cases

Intestinal worm treatments

• Deworming tablets or liquid medications
• Regular deworming schedule for puppies and adult dogs

Heartworm treatment

• Specialised medication to kill heartworms
• Strict rest and veterinary supervision during treatment

Lungworm treatment

• Prescription dewormers targeting lungworms
• Monitoring for secondary complications such as respiratory infections

Preventing parasites in dogs

Preventative care is key to keeping dogs free from parasites.

Flea and tick prevention

• Monthly flea and tick preventatives such as spot-on treatments or oral tablets
• Regular grooming and flea combing
• Avoiding areas with high flea or tick populations

Worm prevention

• Routine deworming every three months for adult dogs
• More frequent deworming for puppies following a vet-recommended schedule
• Cleaning up faeces promptly to prevent reinfection

Heartworm prevention

• Monthly heartworm preventatives in areas where heartworm is a risk
• Regular blood tests for early detection

General hygiene and prevention

• Keeping bedding and living areas clean to prevent infestations
• Washing hands after handling dogs or cleaning up faeces
• Preventing access to slugs, snails, and stagnant water to reduce lungworm risk

When to see a vet

A vet should be consulted if a dog shows any of the following signs

• Persistent scratching or signs of discomfort
• Weight loss despite eating normally
• Diarrhoea or vomiting lasting more than a day
• Difficulty breathing or a persistent cough
• Lethargy or weakness

Early intervention can prevent serious health complications and improve recovery.

Conclusion

Parasites are a common problem for dogs, but with proper prevention and treatment, they can be effectively managed. Regular flea and worm prevention, good hygiene, and routine vet check-ups play a key role in keeping dogs parasite-free.

By staying informed and proactive, dog owners can protect their pets from the discomfort and health risks associated with parasites, ensuring a healthier and happier life.