Ear Infections in Dogs: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention

Ear infections are a common problem in dogs, particularly in breeds with floppy ears or those that spend a lot of time outdoors. Infections can be uncomfortable and, if left untreated, may lead to more serious complications such as hearing loss or chronic pain. Understanding the causes, recognising the symptoms, and knowing how to prevent and treat ear infections can help keep dogs healthy and comfortable.

What is an ear infection?

An ear infection, also known as otitis, occurs when bacteria, yeast, or parasites cause inflammation in the ear. Infections can affect different parts of the ear and vary in severity.

Types of ear infections

• Otitis externa affects the outer ear canal and is the most common type of ear infection in dogs.
• Otitis media affects the middle ear and can occur if an outer ear infection spreads deeper.
• Otitis interna affects the inner ear and can lead to balance issues, hearing loss, or neurological symptoms.

Most ear infections begin in the outer ear but can worsen if not treated promptly.

Causes of ear infections in dogs

Several factors can contribute to the development of ear infections.

Common causes

• Bacteria and yeast overgrowth due to moisture or dirt buildup in the ears
• Allergies to food, pollen, or environmental factors causing ear inflammation
• Ear mites, which are more common in puppies and dogs in multi-pet households
• Foreign objects such as grass seeds or debris becoming lodged in the ear canal
• Excessive ear wax buildup creating an environment for bacterial growth
• Water entering the ear during swimming or bathing, leading to infections
• Hormonal imbalances or underlying medical conditions affecting ear health

Dogs with long, floppy ears such as Cocker Spaniels, Basset Hounds, and Labradors are more prone to ear infections due to poor air circulation in the ear canal.

Symptoms of ear infections in dogs

Ear infections can cause significant discomfort. Recognising early signs allows for quicker treatment and prevents complications.

Common symptoms

• Head shaking or tilting
• Scratching at the affected ear
• Redness and swelling inside the ear
• Foul-smelling discharge, which may be yellow, brown, or black
• Sensitivity or pain when the ear is touched
• Loss of balance or disorientation in severe cases
• Hearing loss if the infection spreads to the inner ear

If an ear infection is left untreated, it may become chronic and more difficult to treat.

Diagnosing ear infections in dogs

A vet will diagnose an ear infection based on clinical signs and diagnostic tests.

Veterinary examination

• A visual inspection of the ear canal to check for redness, swelling, or discharge
• A swab test to identify bacteria, yeast, or mites under a microscope
• An otoscope examination to check for deep infections or foreign objects
• X-rays or CT scans in chronic or severe cases to assess middle or inner ear involvement

Early diagnosis ensures the most effective treatment plan.

Treatment for ear infections in dogs

Treatment depends on the underlying cause and severity of the infection.

Cleaning the ears

• A vet may clean the ear canal using a professional ear-cleaning solution
• At-home cleaning should only be done with vet-approved ear cleaners
• Cotton buds should not be used inside the ear canal as they can push debris further in

Medications

• Antibiotic drops or tablets may be prescribed for bacterial infections
• Antifungal medication is used if yeast is the cause of the infection
• Anti-inflammatory medication can help reduce swelling and pain
• Ear mite treatments are required if parasites are detected

Treating underlying conditions

• Allergy management through diet changes or antihistamines may be necessary
• Regular ear cleaning can prevent wax buildup in dogs prone to infections
• Surgery may be required in severe cases where chronic infections cause structural damage

Most mild to moderate infections improve within one to two weeks with proper treatment.

Home care for ear infections

While veterinary treatment is essential, home care can support recovery.

Home care tips

• Follow all medication instructions carefully and complete the full course
• Keep ears dry, especially after swimming or bathing
• Use vet-recommended ear cleaners for routine ear maintenance
• Monitor the ear for signs of improvement or worsening symptoms

If symptoms persist or worsen after a few days of treatment, a follow-up visit to the vet is recommended.

How to prevent ear infections in dogs

Preventative care is key to reducing the risk of ear infections, particularly in dogs prone to them.

Regular ear cleaning

• Clean the ears once a week using a dog-safe ear cleaner
• Wipe the outer ear gently with cotton wool or a damp cloth
• Avoid inserting anything deep into the ear canal

Drying ears after exposure to moisture

• Dry ears thoroughly after swimming or bathing
• Use a drying ear solution if the dog swims frequently

Managing allergies

• Identify and manage food or environmental allergies that contribute to inflammation
• Consider hypoallergenic diets for dogs with recurring ear infections

Grooming and maintenance

• Trim excess ear hair to improve air circulation
• Check ears regularly for signs of redness, wax buildup, or debris

Routine vet check-ups

• Annual vet visits can help detect early signs of ear infections
• Dogs with a history of ear infections may need more frequent ear checks

When to see a vet

A vet should be consulted if a dog shows any of the following symptoms

• Persistent head shaking or ear scratching
• Discharge with a strong odour
• Swelling or redness inside the ear
• Signs of pain such as yelping when the ear is touched
• Loss of balance or coordination
• Hearing difficulties

Prompt veterinary attention prevents complications such as chronic infections or damage to the eardrum.

Conclusion

Ear infections are a common issue in dogs, but they can often be prevented with proper ear care and hygiene. Recognising early symptoms, keeping ears clean and dry, and addressing underlying causes such as allergies can reduce the likelihood of infections.

Dog owners should monitor their pet’s ear health regularly and seek veterinary care at the first sign of infection. With the right care, ear infections can be effectively managed, keeping dogs comfortable and healthy.