First Aid for Dogs: A Complete Guide for Pet Owners

Knowing basic first aid for dogs can be life-saving in an emergency. Whether dealing with cuts, burns, choking, or poisoning, having the right knowledge and tools can help stabilise a dog’s condition until professional veterinary care is available.

This guide covers everything dog owners need to know about canine first aid, including how to handle common emergencies, what to include in a first aid kit, and when to seek veterinary assistance.

Why is first aid important for dogs?

First aid helps stabilise a dog’s condition before professional veterinary treatment can be provided. It can

• Reduce pain and prevent further injury
• Improve survival chances in serious emergencies
• Help prevent minor injuries from becoming severe
• Provide comfort and reassurance to an injured dog

While first aid does not replace veterinary care, it plays a crucial role in managing emergencies.

What to include in a dog first aid kit

A well-stocked first aid kit can help deal with common injuries and emergencies.

Essential items for a dog first aid kit

• Sterile gauze pads and bandages for wound dressing
• Self-adhesive bandages to secure dressings without sticking to fur
• Antiseptic wipes or solution to clean wounds
• Blunt-ended scissors for cutting bandages or fur around wounds
• Tweezers to remove splinters, ticks, or debris
• Tick remover tool for safe tick removal
• Thermometer to check body temperature (normal range is 38.3°C to 39.2°C)
• Syringe or dropper for administering liquid medication or flushing wounds
• Disposable gloves to maintain hygiene
• Saline solution to rinse eyes or clean wounds
• Styptic powder or cornstarch to stop minor bleeding
• Muzzle or soft cloth to prevent biting if a dog is in pain
• Emergency blanket to keep a dog warm in shock situations
• Activated charcoal (vet-approved) for some cases of poisoning
• Contact details for a vet and emergency animal hospital

Keeping a first aid kit in both the home and car ensures preparedness for any situation.

How to handle common emergencies

Bleeding and wounds

• Apply gentle pressure with a clean cloth or sterile gauze to stop bleeding
• If bleeding continues, apply a bandage and seek veterinary help
• Clean minor wounds with saline solution and cover with a dressing
• Avoid using human antiseptics that may be toxic to dogs

Broken bones and fractures

• Keep the dog as still as possible to prevent further injury
• Do not try to realign the bone or apply a splint unless trained to do so
• Use a blanket or towel to support and transport the dog to a vet

Choking

• Check the mouth for visible objects but do not force the mouth open
• If the dog is struggling to breathe, attempt the Heimlich manoeuvre
• For small dogs, hold them upside down and apply firm pressure below the ribcage
• For large dogs, apply quick upward thrusts to the abdomen while they are lying on their side

Heatstroke

• Move the dog to a cool, shaded area
• Offer small amounts of cool water
• Wet the fur with cool (not ice-cold) water and use a fan to increase airflow
• Seek immediate veterinary care if the dog is panting excessively, collapsing, or unresponsive

Poisoning

• Identify the substance ingested and contact a vet immediately
• Do not induce vomiting unless instructed by a vet
• Keep any packaging or samples of the toxin for identification
• Common toxins include chocolate, grapes, antifreeze, rat poison, and certain houseplants

Seizures

• Keep the area clear of objects to prevent injury
• Do not restrain the dog but ensure they are lying on a flat surface
• Time the seizure duration and note any unusual behaviours
• If the seizure lasts more than two minutes, or if multiple seizures occur, seek emergency veterinary help

Eye injuries

• Flush the eye gently with saline solution
• Avoid touching or rubbing the eye
• Keep the dog calm and seek veterinary advice

Burns and scalds

• Cool the affected area with lukewarm water for at least ten minutes
• Do not apply ice, butter, or ointments
• Cover the burn with a non-stick dressing and seek veterinary care

Shock

Shock can occur due to severe injury, blood loss, or trauma. Symptoms include

• Weak pulse
• Rapid breathing
• Pale gums
• Collapse or unresponsiveness

To provide first aid for shock

• Keep the dog warm with a blanket
• Keep their head lower than their body if safe to do so
• Transport to a vet immediately

How to check a dog’s vital signs

Knowing a dog’s normal vital signs can help assess their condition in an emergency.

Normal ranges

• Temperature: 38.3°C to 39.2°C
• Heart rate: 70 to 120 beats per minute (varies by size)
• Breathing rate: 10 to 30 breaths per minute
• Gum colour: Healthy pink (pale or blue gums indicate a serious issue)

To check a dog’s heart rate, place two fingers on the inside of the thigh where the back leg meets the body. To check breathing, observe the rise and fall of the chest.

When to seek veterinary care

A vet should be contacted immediately if a dog shows any of the following signs

• Difficulty breathing
• Uncontrolled bleeding
• Severe trauma such as being hit by a car
• Persistent vomiting or diarrhoea
• Sudden collapse or unconsciousness
• Seizures lasting more than two minutes
• Signs of poisoning

If in doubt, it is always best to seek veterinary advice rather than wait for symptoms to worsen.

How to transport an injured dog

Handling an injured dog correctly prevents further harm.

• Approach calmly and use a muzzle if the dog is in pain and may bite
• For small dogs, lift them carefully while supporting the chest and hindquarters
• For large dogs, use a blanket or board as a stretcher
• Keep movement to a minimum and avoid sudden jolts

Being prepared for emergencies

Preparation can help dog owners act quickly and effectively in an emergency.

Steps to take

• Learn basic first aid techniques through a pet first aid course
• Keep a first aid kit at home and in the car
• Have a list of emergency vet contact details readily available
• Practise handling and checking a dog’s vital signs

Conclusion

First aid for dogs is an essential skill that can help stabilise a pet’s condition and prevent minor injuries from becoming serious. Knowing how to respond to emergencies such as wounds, choking, poisoning, and heatstroke can save a dog’s life.

While first aid is a temporary measure, seeking veterinary care as soon as possible ensures the best outcome. By staying prepared, keeping a first aid kit on hand, and learning basic first aid techniques, dog owners can provide their pets with the best possible care in an emergency.