Inner Ear Infections in Ducks: Causes, Symptoms, and How to Help

Inner ear infections, while not as commonly discussed as other poultry illnesses, can have a significant impact on a duck’s balance, behaviour, and overall wellbeing. Because ducks rely heavily on their inner ear for orientation and coordination, any disruption can lead to visible signs like head tilting, walking in circles, or loss of balance.

This post explains what causes inner ear infections in ducks, how to recognise them, and what you can do to treat and prevent them in your flock.

What is an Inner Ear Infection?

An inner ear infection—also called otitis interna is an inflammation or infection of the inner structures of the ear. This part of the ear helps control balance and spatial awareness. When inflamed or damaged, ducks may appear dizzy, uncoordinated, or disoriented.

Unlike external ear infections (otitis externa), inner ear infections affect the delicate internal mechanisms and often result in neurological-like symptoms.

Causes of Inner Ear Infections in Ducks

Several factors can lead to inner ear infections in ducks:

Bacterial Infections

• Often secondary to respiratory infections or sinusitis
• Common culprits: E. coli, Pasteurella multocida, Staphylococcus spp.

Injury or Trauma

• Blows to the head, falls, or rough handling may allow bacteria to enter the ear canal or damage the inner structures.

Water in the Ear

• Frequent dabbling and swimming in dirty water can introduce bacteria
• Poor ear drainage may allow infections to take hold

Underlying Illness

• Chronic respiratory disease or immune suppression can increase susceptibility

Symptoms to Look Out For

Signs of inner ear infection in ducks are often confused with neurological disorders, so close observation is important. Look for:

• Head tilt (mild to extreme)
• Loss of balance or unsteady gait
• Walking in circles or constant turning to one side
• Inability to stand or falling over
• Eye flickering (nystagmus)
• Lethargy or withdrawal from the flock
• In some cases, discharge or swelling near the ear area

Ducks with inner ear infections often retain their appetite and awareness, unlike those suffering from brain infections or severe systemic illness.

Diagnosis

There’s no simple test to confirm inner ear infections without veterinary tools, but a diagnosis can be made based on:

• Observation of head tilt and balance issues
• Elimination of other causes (e.g. wry neck, niacin deficiency, viral illness)
• Response to antibiotics

In severe cases or when the infection doesn't respond to treatment, a vet may perform imaging or bloodwork to investigate further.

Treatment

Early intervention offers the best chance of recovery. Treatment usually involves:

Antibiotics

• Broad-spectrum antibiotics such as amoxicillin, enrofloxacin, or oxytetracycline
• Always consult a poultry-savvy vet for correct dosage and duration

Supportive Care

• Keep the duck in a quiet, safe space with soft bedding
• Provide food and water in easy-to-reach containers
• Minimise stress and avoid exposure to predators or aggressive flock mates
• Gently assist with feeding if the bird struggles to coordinate movements

Pain Relief

• Your vet may prescribe anti-inflammatories to reduce discomfort and swelling

With prompt treatment, most ducks recover within 1–2 weeks, though mild head tilt may persist long-term in some cases.

Prevention

While not all inner ear infections are preventable, good husbandry goes a long way. Try the following:

• Provide clean swimming and drinking water daily
• Avoid overcrowding, which increases stress and disease spread
• Keep housing clean and well-ventilated
• Treat respiratory illnesses early to prevent secondary ear infections
• Avoid excessive handling or injury, especially in young or vulnerable ducks

Inner Ear Infections vs Other Conditions

Because inner ear infections can mimic other health problems, it's important to rule out:

• Torticollis (wry neck): Often caused by vitamin E/selenium deficiency
• Niacin deficiency: Can cause balance issues and weakness
• Riemerella anatipestifer: Bacterial infection that causes neurological signs
• Meningitis: Severe infection of the brain causing similar symptoms but with more serious progression

If you’re unsure of the cause, consult a vet as soon as possible.

Key Takeaways

• Inner ear infections cause head tilt, loss of balance, and circling behaviour in ducks
• They are usually caused by bacterial infection, injury, or dirty water
• Treatment with antibiotics and supportive care is effective in most cases
• Clean housing, fresh water, and early treatment of illness help prevent outbreaks
• Always consult a vet for a proper diagnosis and treatment plan

Final Thoughts

Inner ear infections can be frightening to witness, especially when a duck appears disoriented or unable to walk properly. However, with prompt care and attention, most ducks make a full recovery. As always, prevention is better than cure, so keep water clean, act early on infections, and monitor your birds closely for changes in behaviour or posture.