Outer Ear Infections in Ducks: What to Look For and How to Treat Them

Ducks are hardy birds, but like all animals, they can suffer from infections—particularly when their environment becomes unclean or stressful. One often overlooked issue is outer ear infections, also known as otitis externa. While less severe than inner ear infections, these can still cause pain, irritation, and behavioural changes if not treated early.

In this blog post, we’ll explore what outer ear infections are, how they affect ducks, the signs to look out for, and how to treat and prevent them.

What is an Outer Ear Infection?

An outer ear infection, or otitis externa, is an inflammation or infection of the outer ear canal, which runs from the ear opening into the side of the duck’s head. This area can become infected when bacteria, fungi, or debris build up—often in damp, dirty, or poorly ventilated environments.

Ducks are prone to water entering their ears while dabbling or swimming, which makes hygiene and cleanliness especially important in preventing ear problems.

Causes of Outer Ear Infections in Ducks

Outer ear infections in ducks can develop due to a number of factors, including:

• Bacterial contamination from dirty water or bedding
• Fungal growth in damp or mouldy environments
• Foreign objects such as straw or feed lodged in the ear canal
• Mites or parasites irritating the ear
• Minor injuries from pecking or rough handling
• Build-up of wax or debris leading to blocked ear canals

Prolonged exposure to unclean water sources or overcrowded housing increases the risk significantly.

Symptoms of Outer Ear Infections

Because the ears of ducks are not as visible as in mammals, ear infections can go unnoticed until symptoms become obvious. Common signs include:

• Head shaking or frequent scratching at the ear
• Swelling or redness around the ear opening
• Discharge from the ear (may be clear, yellow, or smelly)
• Crusting or build-up around the ear
• Tilting of the head to one side
• Reduced appetite or activity
• Irritability or sensitivity when touched near the ear

In mild cases, the duck may behave normally aside from some head shaking. In more severe cases, infection can spread deeper or affect the duck’s balance.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is usually based on observation of symptoms. If possible, gently examine the duck’s ear for signs of redness, debris, or discharge. A vet can confirm the diagnosis using:

• Visual examination with an otoscope
• Microscopic analysis of discharge
• Bacterial culture if the infection is severe or recurrent

Treatment Options

If caught early, outer ear infections are typically straightforward to treat.

Cleaning the Ear

• Gently clean the area around the ear with warm saline or a diluted antiseptic solution
• Avoid pushing anything into the ear canal
• Do not use hydrogen peroxide or alcohol, as these can damage tissue

Topical Treatments

• Apply a vet-approved antibiotic or antifungal ear drop depending on the cause
• Treatment typically lasts 5–10 days

Oral or Injectable Antibiotics

• In severe or deep infections, a vet may prescribe systemic antibiotics
• Ensure the full course is completed to prevent recurrence

Pain Relief

• If the duck is in discomfort, your vet may recommend a safe anti-inflammatory medication

Isolate if Necessary

• If the infection is caused by mites or contagious agents, separate the duck until fully healed

Home Care Tips

• Ensure clean, dry bedding during recovery
• Provide fresh water daily in clean containers
• Avoid letting the duck swim in shared or natural water sources until healed
• Offer feed in easy-to-access dishes in case of temporary balance issues

Prevention

Preventing outer ear infections in ducks is all about clean living conditions and good husbandry.

• Provide access to clean, fresh water daily
• Change bedding regularly to avoid moisture build-up
• Keep feed and water dishes free from contamination
• Avoid overcrowding
• Use non-toxic disinfectants in coops and runs
• Trim overhanging feathers near the ears if wax or dirt tends to build up

Regular handling and observation can also help catch infections early, before they progress into more serious inner ear or systemic issues.

Outer vs Inner Ear Infections

It’s important to distinguish between outer and inner ear infections. Outer ear infections usually cause:

• Local swelling and discharge
• Mild head tilt or head shaking
• Normal appetite and behaviour otherwise

Whereas inner ear infections are more likely to cause:

• Severe head tilt
• Loss of balance or falling over
• Circling or disorientation
• Neurological signs

If you’re unsure, it’s best to seek veterinary advice to rule out more serious problems.

Key Takeaways

• Outer ear infections are caused by bacteria, fungi, or debris in the outer ear canal
• Symptoms include head shaking, discharge, and redness around the ear
• Treatment involves cleaning, topical medications, and possibly antibiotics
• Prevention relies on good hygiene, clean water, and regular observation
• Early treatment prevents progression to more serious infections

Final Thoughts

Outer ear infections in ducks are relatively easy to treat when caught early, but they can lead to more serious complications if ignored. By maintaining a clean environment and monitoring your ducks for early signs of discomfort, you can keep your flock healthy and happy. As always, when in doubt, seek advice from a qualified poultry vet.