Psittacosis in Pet Birds: Everything You Need to Know

Psittacosis, also known as parrot fever, is a serious disease that affects pet birds and can also pose a risk to humans. Caused by the bacterium Chlamydia psittaci, it is particularly common in parrots, cockatiels, budgerigars, and other pet birds. Understanding the symptoms, transmission, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of psittacosis is crucial for bird owners to ensure both their pets’ and their own health.

What Is Psittacosis?

Psittacosis is a zoonotic bacterial infection, meaning it can be transmitted from birds to humans. While many birds can carry Chlamydia psittaci without showing symptoms, stress, illness, or poor conditions can trigger an active infection. In humans, psittacosis can cause flu-like symptoms and, in severe cases, pneumonia.

Symptoms of Psittacosis in Birds

Birds infected with psittacosis may display a variety of symptoms, including:

• Respiratory issues: Sneezing, nasal discharge, difficulty breathing
• Eye problems: Conjunctivitis (red, swollen eyes), watery discharge
• Digestive issues: Green or yellow diarrhoea
• General signs of illness: Lethargy, ruffled feathers, weight loss, loss of appetite

However, some birds may carry the infection without showing any signs, making routine veterinary checks essential.

Transmission and Risk Factors

Psittacosis spreads primarily through inhalation of dried droppings, feather dust, or secretions from infected birds. It can also be transmitted through direct contact with an infected bird or contaminated objects such as cages, food bowls, or perches.

Risk factors include:

• Poor hygiene in bird cages and living spaces
• Overcrowded or stressful environments
• Recent introduction of new birds without quarantine
• Close human contact with infected birds

Diagnosing Psittacosis

Diagnosis of psittacosis in birds involves a combination of clinical examination, history-taking, and laboratory tests. Veterinarians may conduct:

• PCR tests: Detect bacterial DNA from swabs of the eyes, throat, or cloaca
• Serology tests: Measure antibodies against Chlamydia psittaci
• Culture tests: Grow the bacteria from samples to confirm infection

Because symptoms can mimic other diseases, multiple tests may be necessary for an accurate diagnosis.

The Importance of a Specialist Avian Vet

Psittacosis can be challenging to diagnose and treat effectively, which is why consulting a specialist avian vet is essential. Unlike general veterinarians, avian specialists have advanced training in bird medicine and are equipped with the necessary knowledge and diagnostic tools to handle complex avian diseases.

Why Choose an Avian Specialist?

• Accurate Diagnosis – Many bird illnesses, including psittacosis, share similar symptoms. A specialist avian vet can conduct the appropriate tests, such as PCR and serology, to confirm the presence of Chlamydia psittaci.
• Specialised Treatment Plans – Birds metabolise medications differently from mammals, and incorrect dosages can be harmful. Avian vets prescribe precise antibiotic regimens that ensure effective treatment while minimising risks.
• Preventative Care – Routine check-ups with an avian vet help detect early signs of psittacosis or other health issues before they become severe.
• Expert Advice on Husbandry – A specialist can provide guidance on diet, cage hygiene, and environmental enrichment to reduce the risk of stress-induced infections.
• Handling Zoonotic Risks – Since psittacosis is transmissible to humans, an avian vet can advise on protective measures to keep both the bird and its owners safe.

How to Find an Avian Vet

• Look for certified avian veterinarians through professional organisations in the UK.
• Ask for recommendations from reputable bird breeders, rescue centres, or avian clubs.
• Choose a vet with experience in treating psittacosis and other infectious bird diseases.

Treatment for Psittacosis

Psittacosis is treatable with antibiotics, most commonly doxycycline. Treatment usually lasts at least 45 days to ensure the bacteria are fully eradicated. This may involve:

• Oral or injectable antibiotics for the bird
• Medicated food or water (if the bird is still eating and drinking)
• Supportive care, including hydration and proper nutrition

During treatment, strict hygiene measures should be followed, and affected birds should be isolated to prevent further spread.

Psittacosis in Humans

People infected with psittacosis may develop flu-like symptoms, including:

• Fever and chills
• Headaches and muscle aches
• Dry cough
• Fatigue
• In severe cases, pneumonia

If untreated, psittacosis in humans can lead to complications such as respiratory failure or organ damage. Antibiotics such as doxycycline or tetracycline are effective in treating human infections. If you experience symptoms after contact with birds, seek medical attention immediately.

Preventing Psittacosis

Prevention is key to protecting both birds and humans from psittacosis. Important measures include:

• Quarantining new birds for at least 30 days before introducing them to others
• Maintaining cage hygiene, including regular cleaning and disinfection
• Reducing stress in birds by providing a suitable environment and balanced diet
• Wearing protective equipment (such as masks and gloves) when cleaning cages
• Regular veterinary check-ups to monitor for hidden infections

Final Thoughts

Psittacosis is a serious but manageable disease in pet birds. Responsible bird ownership, good hygiene practices, proper nutrition, and prompt veterinary care can help prevent infections and protect both birds and humans from harm. If you suspect your bird may be infected, seek veterinary advice as soon as possible to ensure proper diagnosis and treatment.

By staying informed and vigilant, bird owners can keep their feathered friends healthy while minimising risks to themselves and their families.