Common Illnesses in Dogs: Symptoms, Veterinary Care, and Prevention

Dogs, like humans, can suffer from a variety of illnesses, ranging from mild to life-threatening. Understanding common diseases, recognising early symptoms, and knowing when to seek veterinary care can help dog owners keep their pets healthy. Additionally, preventative measures such as vaccinations, parasite control, and proper nutrition can reduce the risk of many illnesses.

This guide covers common illnesses in dogs, their symptoms, veterinary treatment options, and steps owners can take to prevent them.

Common illnesses in dogs

Dogs can develop a wide range of health conditions, but some illnesses are more common than others.

Canine parvovirus

Canine parvovirus, also known as parvo, is a highly contagious and often fatal viral disease that primarily affects puppies and unvaccinated dogs.

Symptoms of parvovirus

• Severe vomiting
• Bloody diarrhoea
• Lethargy and weakness
• Fever or low body temperature
• Loss of appetite

Veterinary treatment for parvovirus

There is no specific cure for parvovirus, so treatment focuses on supportive care. This includes intravenous fluids, anti-nausea medication, antibiotics to prevent secondary infections, and intensive nursing care. Hospitalisation is usually required.

Prevention of parvovirus

• Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent parvovirus. Puppies should receive their first vaccine at six to eight weeks old, with boosters until they are sixteen weeks old.
• Avoid contact with unvaccinated dogs or contaminated areas.
• Disinfect surfaces with a pet-safe disinfectant effective against parvovirus.

Kennel cough

Kennel cough is a contagious respiratory infection caused by a combination of viruses and bacteria, including Bordetella bronchiseptica.

Symptoms of kennel cough

• Persistent, dry hacking cough
• Gagging or retching after coughing
• Sneezing and nasal discharge
• Mild fever in some cases

Veterinary treatment for kennel cough

Mild cases often resolve on their own, but a vet may prescribe anti-inflammatory medication or cough suppressants. Severe cases or those involving secondary infections may require antibiotics.

Prevention of kennel cough

• Vaccination reduces the risk, particularly for dogs that socialise in kennels, dog parks, or training classes.
• Avoid exposing dogs to infected animals.
• Keep living spaces well-ventilated to reduce airborne transmission.

Canine distemper

Canine distemper is a serious viral disease affecting multiple organ systems, including the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and nervous systems.

Symptoms of canine distemper

• Fever and lethargy
• Nasal and eye discharge
• Coughing and breathing difficulties
• Vomiting and diarrhoea
• Neurological signs such as seizures or tremors

Veterinary treatment for canine distemper

There is no cure, so treatment focuses on supportive care, including fluids, anti-seizure medication, and antibiotics for secondary infections. Recovery depends on the severity of the infection.

Prevention of canine distemper

• Vaccination is essential, with puppies receiving their first dose at six to eight weeks old and boosters thereafter.
• Avoid contact with infected dogs.

Ear infections

Ear infections in dogs are often caused by bacteria, yeast, or allergies. Breeds with floppy ears, such as Cocker Spaniels and Basset Hounds, are more prone to infections.

Symptoms of ear infections

• Head shaking or tilting
• Scratching at the ears
• Redness and swelling inside the ear
• Foul-smelling discharge
• Sensitivity to touch around the ears

Veterinary treatment for ear infections

Treatment depends on the cause but may include ear cleaning, antibiotic drops, antifungal medication, or anti-inflammatory drugs. Chronic infections may require further investigation for underlying allergies.

Prevention of ear infections

• Clean ears regularly using a vet-approved ear cleaner.
• Dry ears thoroughly after swimming or bathing.
• Identify and manage underlying allergies.

Skin allergies

Dogs can develop skin allergies from food, flea bites, or environmental factors such as pollen or dust mites.

Symptoms of skin allergies

• Persistent itching and scratching
• Red, inflamed skin
• Hair loss or scabs
• Recurrent ear infections
• Licking or chewing paws

Veterinary treatment for skin allergies

A vet may prescribe antihistamines, steroids, medicated shampoos, or allergy testing to determine triggers. Special diets may be required for food allergies.

Prevention of skin allergies

• Regular flea control helps prevent flea allergy dermatitis.
• Identify and eliminate environmental allergens where possible.
• Use hypoallergenic dog shampoos and maintain good skin hygiene.

Gastric dilatation-volvulus (bloat)

Bloat is a life-threatening condition where the stomach fills with gas and twists on itself. Large, deep-chested breeds such as Great Danes and German Shepherds are at higher risk.

Symptoms of bloat

• Swollen or distended abdomen
• Restlessness and pacing
• Unsuccessful attempts to vomit
• Rapid breathing and increased heart rate
• Collapse in severe cases

Veterinary treatment for bloat

Bloat requires immediate emergency surgery to untwist the stomach and prevent further complications. Delay in treatment can be fatal.

Prevention of bloat

• Feed smaller, frequent meals instead of one large meal.
• Avoid vigorous exercise after eating.
• Use slow-feeding bowls to reduce gulping of air.

Arthritis

Arthritis is a common condition in older dogs that causes joint pain and stiffness.

Symptoms of arthritis

• Limping or difficulty moving
• Stiffness after rest
• Reluctance to climb stairs or jump
• Swollen or tender joints

Veterinary treatment for arthritis

Treatment may include pain relief, joint supplements, weight management, and physiotherapy.

Prevention of arthritis

• Maintain a healthy weight to reduce strain on joints.
• Provide a comfortable bed with good support.
• Offer regular, gentle exercise to keep joints flexible.

Urinary tract infections

Urinary tract infections are common in dogs, particularly in females.

Symptoms of urinary tract infections

• Frequent urination
• Straining or discomfort when urinating
• Blood in urine
• Licking around the urinary area

Veterinary treatment for urinary tract infections

A vet may prescribe antibiotics and recommend increased water intake.

Prevention of urinary tract infections

• Ensure fresh water is always available.
• Allow regular bathroom breaks.
• Keep the urinary area clean, particularly in long-haired dogs.

Preventative measures for dog owners

Taking proactive steps can prevent many common illnesses in dogs.

Vaccination

Vaccinating dogs against infectious diseases such as parvovirus, distemper, and kennel cough is essential. Annual boosters help maintain immunity.

Regular parasite control

• Flea and tick treatments should be applied monthly or as recommended by a vet.
• Worming treatments prevent intestinal parasites and should be given every three months.

Proper nutrition

Feeding a balanced diet tailored to a dog’s age, breed, and health needs supports overall health and immunity.

Routine vet check-ups

Annual vet visits help detect early signs of illness and ensure vaccinations and parasite control are up to date.

Dental care

Regular brushing, dental chews, and professional cleanings help prevent gum disease and tooth decay.

Conclusion

Understanding common illnesses in dogs and taking preventative measures can help ensure a pet’s long-term health. Regular vet check-ups, vaccinations, good nutrition, and parasite control all contribute to keeping dogs happy and healthy. By recognising early signs of illness and providing prompt veterinary care, dog owners can help their pets live longer, healthier lives.