Kennel Cough in Dogs: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention

Kennel cough is a highly contagious respiratory infection in dogs that affects the trachea and bronchi, leading to a harsh, persistent cough. While it is usually not life-threatening in healthy adult dogs, it can cause severe complications in puppies, elderly dogs, or those with weakened immune systems.

This guide covers everything dog owners need to know about kennel cough, including its causes, symptoms, treatment, and prevention.

What is kennel cough?

Kennel cough, also known as canine infectious tracheobronchitis, is a respiratory disease that affects dogs of all ages. It is similar to the common cold in humans and spreads easily in environments where dogs are in close contact, such as kennels, dog parks, and boarding facilities.

Kennel cough is rarely serious but can lead to secondary infections such as pneumonia in high-risk dogs. Most cases resolve on their own within one to three weeks with minimal intervention.

Causes of kennel cough

Kennel cough is caused by a combination of bacteria and viruses that irritate the airways.

The most common causes include:

• Bordetella bronchiseptica, which is the primary bacterial cause of kennel cough
• Canine parainfluenza virus, which weakens the airways and makes dogs more vulnerable
• Canine adenovirus type two, which affects the respiratory tract and contributes to infection
• Mycoplasma, a bacterial infection that can prolong symptoms and cause complications

Dogs often contract multiple infectious agents at the same time, making the disease more severe.

How does kennel cough spread?

Kennel cough spreads through direct contact, airborne droplets, and contaminated surfaces.

Common ways dogs contract kennel cough:

• Playing, sniffing, or sharing food and water bowls with an infected dog
• Breathing in bacteria and viruses from coughs or sneezes in crowded areas
• Contact with contaminated objects such as toys, bedding, or surfaces
• Exposure to poorly ventilated environments such as kennels, shelters, or pet shops

Dogs that frequently interact with other dogs are at the highest risk of catching kennel cough.

Symptoms of kennel cough

The most noticeable symptom of kennel cough is a persistent, dry cough that sounds like honking. Other symptoms may develop depending on the severity of the infection.

Common symptoms include:

• A loud, hacking cough that worsens with excitement or activity
• Gagging or retching after coughing
• Sneezing and a runny nose
• Mild fever in some cases
• Lethargy and reduced appetite in severe infections

In most cases, dogs remain active and alert despite the cough. However, if symptoms worsen or the dog becomes weak, veterinary attention is needed.

Diagnosing kennel cough

Kennel cough is usually diagnosed based on symptoms and medical history. A vet may perform additional tests if the infection is severe or not improving.

Common diagnostic methods include:

• Physical examination to check for signs of respiratory infection
• Listening to the dog's breathing and observing coughing patterns
• Chest X-rays if pneumonia is suspected
• Swabs from the throat to identify bacterial or viral infections

Most cases do not require extensive testing, as kennel cough is a common and recognisable condition.

Treatment for kennel cough

Mild cases of kennel cough often resolve on their own without medical treatment. However, some dogs may require veterinary care if symptoms persist or worsen.

Home care for mild cases:

• Providing plenty of rest to allow the immune system to fight the infection
• Keeping the dog in a well-ventilated area away from smoke or irritants
• Using a humidifier or steam from a shower to ease throat irritation
• Encouraging hydration with fresh water or broth
• Avoiding collars that put pressure on the throat, using a harness instead

Veterinary treatment for severe cases:

• Cough suppressants may be prescribed to reduce persistent coughing
• Anti-inflammatory medication can help soothe the airways
• Antibiotics may be given if a secondary bacterial infection is present
• Hospitalisation is required in rare cases where pneumonia develops

Dogs should be isolated from other dogs until they have recovered to prevent spreading the infection.

How to prevent kennel cough

Kennel cough is highly contagious, but there are several ways to reduce the risk of infection.

Vaccination

• The kennel cough vaccine protects against Bordetella bronchiseptica and canine parainfluenza virus
• Vaccination is recommended for dogs that attend kennels, doggy daycare, or training classes
• The vaccine is available as an injection, nasal spray, or oral dose
• Booster vaccinations may be needed every six to twelve months, depending on the dog's lifestyle

Reducing exposure

• Avoiding direct contact with infected dogs or crowded places where outbreaks occur
• Keeping living spaces clean and disinfecting shared dog items such as bowls and toys
• Ensuring good ventilation in kennels, shelters, and other high-risk environments

Supporting the immune system

• Feeding a balanced diet to maintain overall health
• Providing regular exercise to strengthen the immune system
• Managing stress, as anxiety can weaken immunity and make dogs more vulnerable to infections

When to see a vet

Most dogs recover from kennel cough without complications, but veterinary care is necessary in certain cases.

A vet should be consulted if:

• The cough lasts longer than three weeks
• The dog has difficulty breathing or shows signs of respiratory distress
• There is a loss of appetite or significant lethargy
• There is thick nasal discharge or a high fever
• The dog is a young puppy, elderly, or has an underlying health condition

Early intervention can prevent complications such as pneumonia.

Conclusion

Kennel cough is a common but preventable illness in dogs. While most cases are mild, the infection can be distressing and highly contagious. Vaccination, good hygiene, and reducing exposure to high-risk areas can help protect dogs from kennel cough.

Dog owners should monitor their pets for symptoms, provide supportive care at home, and seek veterinary advice if the condition worsens. By taking the right precautions, kennel cough can be effectively managed and prevented.