A Guide to Common Illnesses in Pigs and Symptoms to Watch For

Owning pigs can be a rewarding experience, but it also comes with the responsibility of ensuring their health and wellbeing. Pigs are generally hardy animals, but they are susceptible to certain diseases and conditions. As an owner, it’s important to understand the common illnesses that can affect pigs, the symptoms to look out for, and the actions you should take to keep your animals healthy.

Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS)

Symptoms to watch for:

• Fever
• Loss of appetite
• Laboured breathing
• Bluish discolouration of the ears, abdomen, and vulva
• Stillbirths or weak piglets

Action: PRRS is a highly contagious viral disease. If you suspect PRRS, isolate the affected pigs immediately and contact your vet for testing and advice. Good biosecurity measures, such as disinfecting equipment and limiting visitor access, can help reduce the spread of this disease.

Swine Dysentery

Symptoms to watch for:

• Diarrhoea (often with blood and mucus)
• Loss of appetite
• Weight loss
• Dehydration
• Weakness

Action: Swine dysentery is a bacterial infection that can spread quickly through a herd. If you notice signs of dysentery, isolate the infected pigs and contact your vet. Treatment typically involves antibiotics and thorough cleaning of pens and equipment to prevent further spread.

Erysipelas

Symptoms to watch for:

• High fever
• Skin lesions (diamond-shaped, red or purple blotches)
• Lameness
• Sudden death (in acute cases)

Action: Erysipelas is caused by a bacterium present in the environment. Vaccination is the best prevention. If an outbreak occurs, isolate affected pigs and seek veterinary advice. Antibiotics can be effective if given early.

Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)

Symptoms to watch for:

• Blisters on the mouth, snout, and hooves
• Lameness
• Drooling
• Fever
• Loss of appetite

Action: FMD is a notifiable disease, meaning you must report any suspected cases to the Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) immediately. This highly contagious viral disease can have devastating impacts, so strict biosecurity measures are essential.

Mastitis

Symptoms to watch for:

• Swollen, painful udders
• Reduced milk production
• Discoloured or clotted milk
• Fever
• Loss of appetite

Action: Mastitis requires prompt veterinary intervention. Treatment usually involves antibiotics and anti-inflammatory medication. Ensure proper hygiene during farrowing and nursing to reduce the risk of infection.

Pneumonia

Symptoms to watch for:

• Coughing
• Laboured breathing
• Nasal discharge
• Fever
• Lethargy

Action: Pneumonia can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or environmental factors like poor ventilation. Ensure the pigs' living area is dry and well-ventilated. If symptoms appear, consult your vet for appropriate treatment, which may include antibiotics.

Greasy Pig Disease (Exudative Dermatitis)

Symptoms to watch for:

• Greasy, scabby skin
• Hair loss
• Redness and irritation
• Lethargy

Action: This condition is caused by a bacterial infection, often due to cuts or scratches. Treatment involves antibiotics and improving hygiene in the pigs' environment. Regular cleaning and providing dry bedding can help prevent outbreaks.

Internal Parasites (Worms)

Symptoms to watch for:

• Poor growth
• Weight loss
• Diarrhoea
• Rough coat
• Pot-bellied appearance

Action: Regular deworming is essential for preventing internal parasites. Consult with your vet to establish a deworming schedule. Keeping pens clean and rotating pastures can help minimise the risk of reinfection.

Heat Stress

Symptoms to watch for:

• Panting
• Lethargy
• Reduced feed intake
• Drooling
• Staggering or collapse

Action: Ensure your pigs have access to shade and fresh water at all times. During hot weather, consider providing wallows or sprinklers to help keep them cool. Heat stress can be fatal if not addressed quickly.

Scours (Diarrhoea in Piglets)

Symptoms to watch for:

• Loose, watery stools
• Dehydration
• Weakness
• Poor growth

Action: Scours can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites. It’s important to identify the cause with your vet to provide the appropriate treatment. Ensure piglets have a clean environment, and provide electrolytes to prevent dehydration.

General Health Management Tips for Pigs

• Provide a Balanced Diet: Ensure your pigs receive proper nutrition with the right balance of proteins, vitamins, and minerals.
• Maintain Clean Living Conditions: Regular cleaning of pens and equipment reduces the risk of infections and diseases.
• Establish a Relationship with a Vet: Routine check-ups and vaccinations are essential for disease prevention.
• Practice Good Biosecurity: Limit visitor access, disinfect equipment, and isolate new or sick pigs to prevent the spread of disease.
• Keep Detailed Health Records: Document vaccinations, treatments, and any health issues for each pig to track their overall wellbeing.

By understanding these common illnesses and taking a proactive approach to pig health, you can ensure your pigs live healthy, productive lives. Always consult with a vet if you notice unusual symptoms or behaviours in your pigs, as early intervention can make all the difference.