Common Illnesses in Cats: Veterinary Care and Preventative Measures for Owners

Cats are beloved members of the family, and just like humans, they can suffer from a range of illnesses. As a responsible cat owner, understanding common feline health issues, knowing when to seek veterinary care, and implementing preventative measures at home can ensure your pet leads a long and healthy life.

In this comprehensive guide, we will cover:

• Common illnesses in cats, their symptoms, and treatment
• When to seek veterinary care
• Preventative measures to keep your cat healthy

Common Illnesses in Cats

Cats can suffer from a variety of health issues, ranging from mild infections to serious chronic diseases. Below are some of the most common conditions.

Upper Respiratory Infections (URIs)

Causes: Viruses (feline herpesvirus, calicivirus), bacteria (Bordetella, Chlamydophila felis)
Symptoms:

• Sneezing, nasal discharge
• Watery or red eyes
• Coughing
• Fever
• Loss of appetite

Treatment:

• Mild cases may resolve on their own, but severe infections require antibiotics or antiviral medications.
• Keep your cat hydrated and encourage eating.

Prevention:

• Keep vaccinations up to date.
• Reduce stress, especially in multi-cat households.
• Avoid exposure to infected cats.

Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease (FLUTD)

Causes: Stress, obesity, dehydration, bladder stones, infections
Symptoms:

• Straining to urinate
• Blood in urine
• Frequent trips to the litter box
• Crying while urinating
• Licking the genital area excessively

Treatment:

• Increase water intake and provide a wet-food diet.
• Veterinary care is required for diagnosis; treatment varies based on the cause.
• In severe cases, surgery may be necessary.

Prevention:

• Ensure proper hydration by providing fresh water at all times.
• Reduce stress at home and provide a clean litter box.
• Feed a balanced diet that supports urinary health.

Dental Disease

Causes: Plaque buildup, gingivitis, periodontal disease
Symptoms:

• Bad breath
• Difficulty eating
• Drooling
• Swollen gums

Treatment:

• Professional dental cleaning at the vet.
• Antibiotics for severe infections.

Prevention:

• Brush your cat’s teeth regularly using feline toothpaste.
• Provide dental treats and toys that help clean teeth.

Parasites (Fleas, Ticks, Worms)

Causes: Contact with infected animals or environments
Symptoms:

• Fleas: Scratching, hair loss, flea dirt
• Ticks: Visible parasites, skin irritation
• Worms: Weight loss, bloated belly, vomiting

Treatment:

• Flea and tick treatments (spot-on, oral medications, collars).
• Deworming medications for intestinal parasites.

Prevention:

• Regular use of flea and worm treatments.
• Clean bedding and living areas frequently.

Feline Diabetes

Causes: Obesity, genetics, diet
Symptoms:

• Increased thirst and urination
• Weight loss despite a good appetite
• Lethargy

Treatment:

• Insulin injections as prescribed by a vet.
• Dietary management.

Prevention:

• Maintain a healthy weight and diet for your cat.
• Avoid feeding excessive high-carbohydrate foods.

Hyperthyroidism

Causes: Overactive thyroid gland (common in older cats)
Symptoms:

• Increased appetite
• Weight loss
• Hyperactivity
• Vomiting or diarrhoea

Treatment:

• Medication to regulate thyroid function.
• Surgery or radioactive iodine therapy in severe cases.

Prevention:

• Regular vet check-ups, especially for older cats.

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

Causes: Ageing, genetics, infections, diet
Symptoms:

• Increased thirst and urination
• Weight loss
• Poor appetite
• Vomiting

Treatment:

• Specialised kidney diets.
• Medication and fluid therapy.

Prevention:

• Provide fresh water at all times.
• Feed a kidney-supportive diet in older cats.
• Schedule routine blood tests for early detection.

Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)

Causes: Mutation of feline coronavirus
Symptoms:

• Fever
• Lethargy
• Swollen belly (wet FIP)
• Neurological symptoms (dry FIP)

Treatment:

• Previously fatal, but new antiviral treatments offer hope.

Prevention:

• Reduce exposure to large multi-cat environments.
• Maintain good hygiene in litter boxes and food areas.

Feline Panleukopenia (Feline Distemper)

Causes: Feline parvovirus
Symptoms:

• Severe vomiting and diarrhoea
• Fever
• Lethargy
• Loss of appetite

Treatment:

• Intensive supportive care, including fluids and antibiotics.

Prevention:

• Vaccination is highly effective.

Heart Disease (Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy - HCM)

Causes: Genetic predisposition, age
Symptoms:

• Difficulty breathing
• Lethargy
• Sudden collapse
• Heart murmur (detected by a vet)

Treatment:

• Medication to manage symptoms and slow disease progression.

Prevention:

• Regular vet check-ups, especially for at-risk breeds (Maine Coons, Ragdolls).

Cancer

Causes: Genetics, environmental factors
Symptoms:

• Lumps or swelling
• Weight loss
• Lethargy
• Difficulty eating (oral cancer)

Treatment:

• Surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy depending on type.

Prevention:

• Regular vet exams to detect early signs.
• Avoid exposure to tobacco smoke and environmental toxins.

When to Seek Veterinary Care

It’s crucial to seek professional veterinary care when you notice any of the following:

• Persistent vomiting or diarrhoea
• Difficulty breathing
• Sudden weight loss
• Seizures
• Severe lethargy or collapse
• Straining to urinate with no urine output (a medical emergency)

Regular vet check-ups (at least annually) can catch early signs of illness before they become serious.

Preventative Measures to Keep Your Cat Healthy

Routine Vet Check-Ups

Annual or bi-annual veterinary visits allow early detection of health issues.

Vaccinations

Ensure your cat is vaccinated against:

• Feline herpesvirus and calicivirus
• Feline panleukopenia
• Feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) (for outdoor cats)
• Rabies (in some regions)

Parasite Control

Use regular flea, tick, and worm prevention treatments.

Balanced Diet and Hydration

• Feed high-quality wet and dry food.
• Encourage water consumption with fountains or multiple water bowls.

Weight Management

Obesity can lead to diabetes and joint problems. Keep your cat active and maintain a healthy diet.

Dental Care

• Brush your cat’s teeth with feline toothpaste.
• Offer dental chews and dry kibble designed for oral health.

Litter Box Maintenance

• Clean the litter box daily.
• Provide enough boxes (one per cat plus one extra).

Reduce Stress

• Provide a stable environment with minimal changes.
• Use pheromone diffusers (e.g., Feliway) to calm anxious cats.
• Ensure plenty of playtime and enrichment activities.

Conclusion

By understanding common feline illnesses and their symptoms, you can act quickly to ensure your pet receives the necessary care. Preventative measures such as a healthy diet, parasite control, and stress management will go a long way in keeping your feline companion happy and healthy for years to come.

If you ever notice concerning symptoms in your cat, don't hesitate to contact your vet. Early intervention can make all the difference!